Clin. US evidence on adolescents points to educational campaigns and school-based programs to promote the social integration of low-status students and their families [8]. For the present sample, the internal consistency of SWLS was satisfactory (Cronbach's = 0.84). Howrelativedeprivationincreasesaggressivebehavior Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health. Relative deprivation theory proposes that one's perception of being in a disadvantaged situation can induce a sense of relative deprivation, which comes accompanied by negative cognitions and emotions, including judgments of unfairness, anger, and resentment, which further lead to decreased life satisfaction (Smith et al., 2012 ). 17, 948949. The poorest segment of the population is expected to be the most responsive to such a tax. Weakly relative poverty. Review of Economics and Statistics 93:4 (2011): 12511261 [13]. How does personal relative deprivation affect mental health among the 80, 325339. Some studies have shown that socioeconomic status is a strong determining factor of satisfaction in life domains (Gtmez and Morcl, 1994), that household income has a significant effect on Chinese life satisfaction (Shu and Zhu, 2009), and that perceived personal status discrepancy has a negative correlation with life satisfaction (Zagefka and Brown, 2005). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. J. Psychiatr. Eibner C, Evans W. Relative deprivation, poor health habits, and mortality. Moreover, we established two alternative models to further confirm the hypothezied model. Psychol. Since the definition of relative deprivation inherently includes low justice-related feelings that are correlated with low belief in a just world (Smith et al., 2012), it is presumable that relative deprivation is correlated with belief in a just world. doi: 10.1177/0165025406063638, Devereux, P. G., Miller, M. K., and Kirshenbaum, J. M. (2021). Relative deprivation affects people's attitudes toward the social system (Smith et al., 2012). Revising of belief in a just world scale and its reliability and validity in college students. (2012). Limited by specific data sets, few studies simultaneously consider all relevant reference groups, even though multiple reference groups may jointly determine well-being. There are still knowledge gaps about the relationship between relative deprivation and individual well-being. The most important channel involving the effect of relative economic status on psychological health is social participation (1.62%), followed by physical exercise (0.80%) and smoking (0.14%). Redistributive policies benefiting one area or a group should not be at the cost of others. 29, 73102. Personal Relative Deprivation Reduces the Meaningfulness - ResearchGate Financial support from the NIH/NIA (Grant Number 1 R03 AG048920-01) and the National Science Fund of China (Approval numbers 70525003 and 70828002) are gratefully acknowledged. Relative poverty, an important but often neglected policy target, is measured by the resources needed to maintain the social and economic lifestyle that is widely accepted by the society in which one lives, whereas absolute poverty is measured against a fixed standard of the income required to meet basic subsistence needs. It refers to the idea that some individuals or groups perceive themselves to have disadvantageous circumstances compared to corresponding reference groups, thereby leading them to experience negative emotions, such as anger and resentment. doi: 10.1023/A:1022091609047, Dalbert, C. (2001). Pak. 50, 163168. World Psychiatry 20, 140141. (2018). The final section presents the theoretical and managerial implications, followed by limitations and future research perspectives. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. (2015). In Tajikistan, where more than half the population lives in poverty, a law banning elaborate parties has benefited both hosts, who can now devote scarce resources to more productive investments, and guests, who gain from being spared the deeper impoverishment resulting from having to contribute to lavish events. Figure 2. Well-being and Relative Deprivation in a Digital Era doi: 10.1002/wps.20830, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Birt, C. M., and Dion, K. L. (1987). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Because the children of most poor people were exposed to the repercussions of their familys having spent more than it could afford on such ceremonies while the children were young (and even before they were born), the potential negative consequences can be large [9]. . Visibility-based consumption tax refers to a type of tax whose rate is in proportion to how visible a commodity is. People in relative poverty lack adequate resources to maintain the average standard of living in their society, including the ability to afford socially desirable goods and engage in social activities, though they have the resources to sustain their lives. Several policy instruments have the potential to reduce relative deprivation and thus to relieve its wide range of negative impacts. Development of a new resilience scale: The connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). In the current study, Cronbach's coefficient of BJW scale was 0.92. (2020). The Chinese version was translated from the English version with ensured fluency and accuracy (items were translated by the authors and back-translated by two expert English-Chinese interpreters independent of the current study) (Shu et al., 2012). Individ. FOIA Indic. Int. Ny. Impoverished countries may consider implementing a visibility-based consumption tax to cut positional spending among the poor. Relative deprivation is also a gauge of inequality, an important indicator of equitable growth at the individual level. Relative deprivation reflects the differences in resources; students felt that these differences could lead directly to the students being at a disadvantage in future competition, resulting in psychological stress. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Table 1. Pers. 23, 601619. Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. 92, 191225. Therefore, we conducted an on-line investigation to examine the life satisfaction of students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as possible influencing factors and the mechanism. PDF Relative deprivation and individual well-being money, rights, social equality) necessary to maintain the quality of life considered typical within a given socioeconomic group. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. Dealing with stress in the workplace. Cognitive attitudes, behavioral choices, and purchasing habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to these functions, people with a high belief in a just world level spend less energy on defensive behavior, and, as a result, are less anxious and healthier than those with weak belief in a just world. The author also wishes to thank Bob Frank, Ravi Kanbur, and Xiaobo Zhang for guidance, joint research, and comments on the topic. Behav. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between relative deprivation and life satisfaction among Chinese college students and to examine belief in a just world and resilience as possible psychological mediators of this relationship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. 27, 432443. Relative deprivation reflects conditions of worsening relative poverty despite striking reductions in absolute poverty. The indirect effect of life satisfaction on relative deprivation via resilience and belief in a just world was insignificant. All authors listed have made direct and intellectual contribution to the article and approved the final version for publication. Relative deprivation arises from a comparison of oneself with other individuals in a society and usually triggers psychological reactions such as chronic stress (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2007) and justice-related responses (Smith et al., 2012) toward the perceived inequities. This study aims to empirically validate the Davies J-Curve considering the digital era, with economic, social, and political factors. Fostering children's resilience. However, a weak negative linkage was observed between happiness. Disparities in both income and health have increased in recent decades despite substantial gains in standards of living. Studies confirm the negative role of relative deprivation in many countries, such as China [5], Costa Rica, Germany [4], the Republic of Korea, and the UK [4]; in both urban and rural settings; for various groups of people [4]; and for both happiness and job and income satisfactions [1]. doi: 10.1016/S1566-3124(03)15007-9, Donat, M., Peter, F., Dalbert, C., and Kamble, S. V. (2016). 13, 275283. Improvements of the happiness of the rural population are an essential sign of the effectiveness of relative poverty governance. Res. Given the clear evidence that positional spending among poor people squeezes their basic consumption, threatens their subsistence, and brings long-term unintended consequences to future generations, policies are needed that can discourage positional consumption among the extremely poor without discriminating against the poor. A total of 787 college students from universities in China completed online questionnaires. Relative deprivation and individual well-being Alternative model 1 was reversal of the mediation models (life satisfaction resilience belief in a just world relative deprivation). Visibility-based consumption taxes, similar to a luxury tax, could be used to curb status-seeking spending, thereby correcting the distortion imposed by the negative externalities of positional spending. 168, 110349. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110349, Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., et al. Relative deprivation offers a plausible explanation for the paradox that average happiness has remained constant or even fallen despite sharp rises in income. (1989). (2009). Adv. Individ. Open access Abstract Social unrest is a feature of the early 21st century, yet relatively little research binds theoretical aspects with empirical validation of the drivers of protests and revolutions. Top earners spend lavishly on conspicuous consumption. Group Process. Chan, Wong, and Yip [112] reported a strong negative linkage among relative income depreciation and perceived happiness. Pers. Int. Personal Relative Deprivation Reduces the Meaningfulness of - Springer Belief in a just world: research progress over the past decade. Psychol. doi: 10.1177/1368430299024004, Walker, L., and Mann, L. (1987). The .gov means its official. Over the 1990-2000 decade happiness in China plummeted despite massive improvement in material living standards. Few results of relative deprivation studies are directly comparable across studies, and the results are not generalizable to a larger population. The concept, measurement, influencing factors and effects of relative deprivation. For instance, the reference group at the workplace is different from the reference group at home. We tested a serial mediation model, which consisted of three indirect effects, as follows: (1) relative deprivation enhances life satisfaction via belief in a just world, (2) relative deprivation enhances life satisfaction via resilience, and (3) relative deprivation enhances life satisfaction via belief in a just world and then resilience (Figure 2). N = 787. Psychol. (2020). Res. Results are then presented and discussed, highlighting the originality of the paper. J. Pers. A perception of I'm working hard without getting the life I want can trigger negative emotions such as sadness, envy, and depression, and it can reduce individuals' life satisfaction. With the outbreak of COVID-19, mankind is facing unprecedented challenges. Res. The associations between variables were assessed by Pearson's bivariate correlation. And while absolute poverty has been declining in most countries, relative deprivation and relative poverty have been rising. The relative deprivation model aims to explain individuals' decisions to join or start social movements and is based on a certain set of psychological ideas (Gurr 1970). The descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlations for all of the assessed variables are presented in Table 1. For example, the purchase of a luxury car would be subject to a higher rate of visibility-based tax than the purchase of an ordinary, less status-signaling car. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Additionally, we found that the path from relative deprivation to life satisfaction via resilience and belief in a just world (an alternative model) also worked in our data. Pers. Soc. Pers. Objectives To investigate the association of relative income deprivation (RID) with perceived happiness and self-rated health in Hong Kong. Sales of luxury cigarettes and alcohol fell substantially thereafter. Dev. 85, 10301051. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000153, Zagefka, H., and Brown, R. (2005). Psychol. These studies of relative deprivation help explain the puzzle that average happiness in much of the world has remained constant in recent decades despite sharp rises in income. Differ. People are often concerned about consumption of these visible status goods (such as a lavish gift, a mansion, or a luxury car) relative to others in the reference group. These policy instruments may be less feasible in developed countries, where freedom of choice is highly valued and cultural norms differ. The more an individual experiences stressful life events, the lower the level of resilience (Bonanno et al., 2007). Soc. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.019, Tugade, M. M., and Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Studies of relative deprivation assume either external comparisons with richer counterparts or internal comparisons with a persons past or future self without formally testing the importance of those reference groups. All questionnaires were included in the analysis after a quality audit, with an effective rate of 100.0%. Soc. 24, 438453. How does personal relative deprivation affect mental health - PubMed (2011). Beliefs in a just world, subjective wellbeing and attitudes towards refugees among refugee workers. (2018). 16, 111. For example, average income by geographic area might also measure local public goods provision, which confounds the negative impact of relative deprivation on well-being [3], [4]. Lower status and induced feelings of relative deprivation, especially in countries with high inequality and a rigid social hierarchy, may worsen the condition of poor people by motivating them to spend lavishly on goods that signal a higher status in society. Pers. The relation of belief in a just world, resilience and satisfaction with life in two culture groups: Taking high school students for example (Unpublished Postgraduate Thesis). Accessibility The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671, Callan, M. J., Kim, H., and Matthews, W. J. The paradox has been found to apply to a large set of developed countries, including Japan, the Republic of Korea, the US, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK [4], and a large number of developing countries, including China [6], South Africa, most Eastern European countries, and most Latin American countries.

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