This guarantees that the tower root section and main tower bending corner section load effect are similar. After installation of a stiffening plate at the corner, the stress concentration of the corner section decreases. Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strand Application on Cable-Stayed Maine Covered Bridges: a collection of photographs. The main tower itself is designed to transmit a huge vertical force. The self-weight of the stay cable significantly affects the deformation of the stay cable. The theoretically calculated stresses of the side tower walls of the side and the mid-span sections are 1.46MPa and 2.61MPa, respectively. Y. Xi and J. S. Kuang, Ultimate load capacity of cable-stayed bridges, Journal of Bridge Engineering, vol. A special vibrating wire sensor is used to simulate the stay cable sensor and must be individually calibrated before installation to ensure long-term stability, accuracy, and reliability. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement, http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Carbon+Fiber-Reinforced+Polymer+Strand+Application+on+Cable-Stayed+Bridge%2c+Penobscot+Narrows%2c+Maine&author=W.+Rohleder&author=B.+Tang&author=T.+Doe&author=N.+Grace&author=C.+Burgess&publication_year=2008, http://www.trb.org/Main/Public/Blurbs/160339.aspx, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Owing to the angle of the main tower, the direction of the axial force transmission changes at the angle of the main tower, generating a large horizontal pulling force. But, finding it can be complicated by the fact that, if you Google its name, you might come up with a different moniker altogether! It opened in December 2006, replacing the Waldo-Hancock Bridge, built in 1931. Reddit, Inc. 2023. 6, pp. 112, 2018. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. (2) Load prestress directly to the key point. 5 tower column under live load (unit: MPa). This form relies on triangle-based supports of rigid materials, such as iron, steel, and wood. The actual facts of its origin have frequently been misquoted. 1, pp. The side tower wall of the middle span is compressed, and the measured maximum compressive stress is 2.22MPa, with an average value of 1.22MPa. One of our favorites is the Hemlock Bridge, a structure that dates back to 1857. Each strand is anchored independently; thus, strands may be removed, inspected, and replaced while the bridge carries traffic. The measured maximum compressive stress of the side tower wall of the middle span is 1.02MPa, and the average value is 0.78MPa. This state has tons of water, including a craggy coastline and lots of rivers and lakes. The theoretical calculated stress values of the side tower walls of the side-span and the mid-span sections are 0.78MPa and 0.90MPa, respectively. Comparison shows that the measured side-span side stress values are close to the calculated values, but the measured stress values of the mid-span side are larger than the calculated values. 2, no. Please Note: If you are having problems viewing the page/using the navigation, please turn off Internet Explorers (IE) "Compatibility Mode", it is a known bug in IE. Maine's First Cable-Stayed Bridge. Yan et al. The theoretical calculated stresses of the side tower walls of the side-span and the mid-span sections are 0.61MPa and 1.41MPa, respectively. Based on the stress characteristics of the concrete broken-line tower, stiffening plates should be added to the section of the broken-line tower. Three separate techniques were used to ensure cable maintenance and protection. After the stiffening plate is set at the corner, the stress concentration coefficient of the bending corner section decreases and the stiffening plate eliminates the out-of-plane bending phenomenon of the tower wall at the middle span side as vertical tensile stress occurs in the stiffener at the bending corner. With live load, the maximum tensile stress measured of the side tower wall of the side span is 0.64MPa, with an average value of 0.63MPa. Location: Meridian, California, USA - Sacramento River. Casas described problems encountered in the design and construction of the world's first cableless cable-stayed bridge, Alamiro, providing guidance for the future construction of this kind of bridge [9]. 203210, 2011. 8, no. This is because the vertical tensile stress appears in the inner periphery of the stiffening plate at the bending corner part after setting of the stiffening plate. Please Note: If you are having problems viewing the page/using the navigation, please turn off Internet Explorers (IE) "Compatibility Mode", it is a known bug in IE. values: L = 500 m, a = 100 m and h = 90 m. The weight of the bridge deck g m in the main span is 0.3 MN/m. Granite also reflects the timeless, rugged, no-nonsense nature of Maine and its people. New Portland over the Carrabassett (2001), New Portland over the Carrabassett River (2001). Cable stayed bridges were highly statically indeterminate structures and in order to find out exact solution of these highly indeterminate systems and analyze the cable stayed bridge. Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges, but they are quite different in principle and construction. The results indicated that the corner of the main tower should be the focus of the design control, as there is a serious stress concentration in this part. 363372, 2004. Test section stress of no. (a) Schematic of main bridge. Designed as an emergency replacement for the WaldoHancock Bridge, the new bridge uses an innovative cradle system to carry the stays from the bridge deck through the pylon and back to the bridge deck. The Androscoggin River flows under the BrunswickTopsham bridge. The upper segment load of the main tower is applied to the center of gravity on the upper segment of main tower and the lower segment load is compensated according to the similar bending moment of the tower root. Its 109-foot Paddleford truss spans the Saco River. Of course, each form may serve several uses, including road vehicles, railroads, and pedestrians. 280292, 2014. Based on these results, the design should be improved to increase the angle of the stiffening plate corner and appropriately strengthen the configuration of the vertical main tensile steel bar and the surface anticracking steel mesh inside the stiffening plate. (a) Working condition 1, T1 sections positive moment loading stress diagram. Cookie Notice Comparison of the two figures reveals that, due to the fact that the bending corner section has no stiffening plate, the axial force of the side tower walls of the middle span and the side span will generate lateral component forces at the bending corner, resulting in out-of-plane bending of the tower wall. A vibrating wire type load cell is installed at the joint to measure the cable force of the stay cable. All photos by Patrick S. O'Donnell. Do be sure to take a peek at the intricately laid granite from the land though! 3.1.2 The Cable-Stayed Bridge Option. Project Manager, Maine Department of Transportation, is a life long employee of the Maine Department of Transportation. Spatial finite element theory was used to analyze the stress characteristics of the control section of the polygonal line tower. Stress is one of the main causes of cracks in a polygonal line tower cable-stayed bridge, and the stress reflects the actual force. The important structural components of a cable-stayed bridge are the main beam, the main tower, and the cable stays, in which most of the dead load and live load that the main beam bears are transmitted to the main tower through the cable stays and finally transmitted through the main tower to the foundation [1]. 1. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. S. K. Mei, Structural Experiments and Structural Design, China Communications Press, Beijing, China, 1980. MaineDOT Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP), Maine Atlantic Salmon Programmatic Consultation. The state of the art in structural health monitoring of cable-stayed Designed as an emergency replacement for the Waldo-Hancock Bridge, the new bridge uses an innovative cradle system to carry . Each strand is anchored independently; thus, strands may be . There are generally three ways to add prestress in the finite element calculation: (1) Add prestress directly to the unit. At 0.6m above the bending corner section, the maximum compressive stress is 17.50MPa. A. J. Reis and J. J. Oliveira Pedro, The europe bridge in Portugal: Concept and structural design, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. The component force causes the out-of-plane bending of the second tower wall, and this effect increases the stress gradient of the mid-span side tower wall section. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The Penobscot Narrows Bridge is a 2,120-foot-long (650 m) cable-stayed bridge that carries US 1 / SR 3 over the Penobscot River. 1, pp. The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape. State Highway Commission; accompanied by an article on covered bridges from Maine Library Bulletin, April 1932; assembled 1939. Through comprehensive consideration, the optimal geometric scaling ratio for the model in this study was determined to be 1:40, and the length of the cable-stayed bridge model was 10.5m. According to the geometric similarity, the size of the box girder section model remains basically unchanged and the wall thickness of the box girder is halved to ensure similar section area and the moment of inertia. This study was conducted to develop a set of consistent design The structural diagram of the stiffening plate is shown in Figures 11 and 12. The ratio of the measured maximum value to the theoretically calculated average value is 1.48, which is close to the mid-point stress concentration factor of 1.60 calculated for the section of the side tower wall of the middle span of the model tower column in the construction stage. [Maine State Library], Historic Bridges of Maine:Maine Overview. http://historicbridges.org/map_me.php (accessed July 12, 2014). The diagram in Figure 10 shows the stress distribution of the 0.6m section above the bending corner section. (b) Cross section of mid-span girder. How cool is that? Leonard International (2003), Over Wesserunsett Stream, Skowhegan (2003), Walking bridge near Baxter Park from Abol Bridge (2004), American Institute of Architects Cincinnati. Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strand Application on Cable-Stayed For more information, please see our The main tower of the bridge is a broken line, and the dead load of the main tower not only produces the stress of the tower body but also produces the bending moment of the tower body. The main tower of a polygonal line tower cable-stayed bridge bears most of the axial force transmitted by the stay cable and also bears the moment under certain unbalanced load. The bridge opened in 2006 to replace the Waldo-Hancock Bridge which had been in the same spot since 1931. Cable-stayed bridges seem to be being built more and more - Reddit The old Waldo-Hancock bridge is one example. The theoretical calculated stresses of the side tower walls of the side-span and the mid-span sections are 1.59MPa and 0.73MPa, respectively. The effect of the stiffening plate to reduce the maximum compressive stress of the corner section is limited, but the stress distribution diagram shows that the use of the stiffening plate eliminates the out-of-plane bending phenomenon of the side tower wall of the middle span, causing the stress distribution of the main tower angle section to conform to the flat section assumption. (c) Cross section of side-span girder. X. Ma, J. Nie, and J. There are 19 sections in the box girder of the testing model, which can be spliced section-by-section according to the construction process. 1. Diagram of testing section arrangement about girder (unit: cm). This bridge is notable for myriad reasons; in fact, our tallest bridge also happens to belong in the Guinness Book of World Records! [Maine State Library], Your email address will not be published. The load compensation of the main girder is performed as concentrated load to the transverse diaphragm. Prestress treatment is a challenge of 3D solid analysis, and the accuracy of its simulation is the key to the success of such structural analysis. Cable-Stayed | FIGG Bridge Group Five Bridge Types. http://www.aiacincinnati.org/community/ABC/curriculum/FiveBridgeTypes.pdf (accessed March 31, 2013), (Gale, Nellie Isabella. This type of cable-stayed bridge is often used for medium-span bridges and is known for its elegant appearance. BRIDGES AND BRIDGE COMPONENTS DEFINITIONS AND TYPES. http://www.maine.gov/mdot/martinspointbridgedb/documents/pdf/bridgetypes9-21-10.pdf. The maximum compressive stress is 19.80MPa. A harp cable-stayed bridge is a type of bridge that has cables that are arranged in a harp-like pattern from the central tower to the deck. In addition, new techniques make long-term maintenance of the cables much easier and less expensive. The cable-stayed bridge form has evolved considerably since the 1950s, when the Stromsund Bridge, widely regarded as the first modern cable-stayed bridge, was built in Sweden. Under the action of live load, the maximum tensile stress measured of the side tower wall of the side-span section is 0.67MPa, with an average value of 0.62MPa. They require less steel cable, are faster to build and incorporate more precast concrete sections. MaineDOT Twitter These cable-stayed bridgesolutions are built for quality and sustainability withaesthetically pleasing shapes while beingenvironmentally sensitiveand cost-efficient. A total of 120 galvanized high-strength steel wires are used in the bridge, with specifications of 151-7, 211-7, 241-7, and 301-7, as shown in Figure 1. Most bridge projects of this magnitude take at least a decade to plan and construct because normally a bridge is fully designed before the ground is broken. But in keeping with local architecture, the community wanted a traditional looking bridge. Maps: Recent research on the pylons of cable-stayed bridges has mainly focused on cable-stayed bridges with or without back cables [24]. The brief discussion of the basic forms below only begins to fully describe their elements and the many variations possible with combined forms. STRUCTURE magazine | Maine's First Cable-Stayed Bridge If no measures are taken, the resulting local tension will produce cracks. The maximum compressive stress of the concrete calculated above is a local phenomenon, and the high stress range is small. The range is actually circular with a diameter of 10 miles and covers an area of about 75 square miles. Maine's first cable-stayed bridge opened to traffic on December 30, 2006. This cable-stayed bridge features a cradle-stay system in the pylons that provides a continuous cable stay between the main span bridge deck anchorage and the back span bridge deck anchorage. The results of this work should provide guidance for future design efforts. The theoretical calculated stresses of the side tower walls of the side-span and the mid-span sections are 0.41MPa and 1.22MPa, respectively. Structural drawing of bridge (unit: cm). Multiple-span cable-stayed bridges have two or more (usually equal) main spans. List of cable-stayed bridges in the United States - Wikipedia (b) Block diagram. Before linking, please review the STRUCTUREmag.org linking policy. Bridges may be classified by several factors: span, travel, form, and material. The Penobscot Narrows bridge spans the the Penobscot River between Prospect and Verona Island. A structural model was constructed based on three theorems of similarity theory to obtain results close to the objective reality [1115]. It engages, enlightens, and empowers structural engineers through interesting, informative, and inspirational content. Six epoxy-coated steel strands were removed and successfully replaced with CFRP strands in June 2007. This is an image set within the Bridgemeister collection. With no stiffening plate, the transverse force will be produced as the result of the axial force of the mid-span and side-span tower walls at the corner. The state of Maine worked hard to learn from these past issues and avoid future problems, with a design that is hoped will last 100 years or more. The materials of the bridge testing model and the prototype are similar. A cable-stayed bridge is a structure with several points in each span between the towers supported upward in a slanting direction with inclined cables and consists of main tower(s), cable-stays, and main girders, as shown in Fig. WatervilleWinslow and Skowhegan span the Kennebec River. Concrete cable-stayed bridges have several advantages over suspension bridges: they require less cable, can be constructed with identical precast sections and are faster to build. Peng et al. This article is currently only available in PDF format, please click the link to the top right. Under the action of live load, the maximum compressive stress measured for the side tower wall of the side span is 1.83MPa, and the average value is 1.58MPa. The measured maximum compressive stress of the side tower wall of the middle span is 1.23MPa, and the average value is 1.08MPa. The measured maximum compressive stress of the side tower wall of the middle span is 1.43MPa, and the average value is 1.27MPa. D. H. Yan, Y. W. He, and H. S. Xu, The influence of the inclination of the tower of the Changsha Hongshan bridge on the state of its bridge, Journal of Changsha University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), vol. The box girder and stay cable are connected by screw thread, allowing easy adjustment of the stay cables. Home Economy Bridges Penobscot Narrows Bridge (2007) Bridges may be classified by several factors: span, travel, form, and material. Other scholars have studied different aspects of the cable-stayed bridge without backstay, such as reasonable bridge formation, construction control, stability, and vibration analysis, in combination with actual engineering. Comparison table of stresses at each measuring point of corner section T2-1 of main tower (unit: MPa). Of course, each form may serve several uses, including road vehicles, railroads, and pedestrians. Asymmetric cable-stayed bridges have one main span and one side span, with a single tower. List of cable-stayed bridges in the United States, Christopher S. Bond Bridge (Kansas City, Missouri), John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River), Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge, Veterans Memorial Bridge (Steubenville, Ohio), "It's official! Comparison reveals that the measured stress average is close to the calculated value. The main bridges length is 420m, the side span is 89m, the middle span is 242m, the main beam material is C50 concrete, and the section is single box with three rooms. Forces of stay cables indicate not only the performance of cables themselves but also the overall condition of bridges. Visitors of all ages and interests will enjoy this unique campus that includes, MaineDOT Facebook T. Zordan, B. Briseghella, and T. Liu, Finite element model updating of a tied-arch bridge using Douglas-Reid method and Rosenbrock optimization algorithm, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), vol. 1422, 1999. For long-span cable-stayed bridges, cables serve as one of the most important components to guarantee structural integrity. We don't blame you -- there's something so incredibly cool about a massive, man-made bridge! Five basic forms are arch, beam, cable-stayed, suspension, and truss. 53, no. 1. Cable-stayed bridge: Fact guide - Housing.com Focusing on the Heihe Highway cable-less, cable-stayed bridge, Guoyong Huang studied the natural vibration characteristics, stability characteristics, geometric nonlinearity, and temperature differences of the bridge [8]. Other Historic Bridges - Wire Bridge | MaineDOT Bangor Daily News. W. H. Peng, X. D. Shao, L. F. Li, and Y. Zhang, Concept, design and construction of cable-stayed bridge without backstays, Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. This project has been funded in part by a grant from the Fondren Endowed Fund of the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Burdine Johnson Foundation. Cable stayed bridge: Build towers Build road deck starting from the center of each tower and attach to cable Suspension bridge: Build towers Hang main cables and anchor to bed rock or giant concrete anchor. The theoretical calculated stresses of the side tower walls of the side-span and the mid-span sections are 1.69MPa and 1.00MPa, respectively. According to the mechanical characteristics of the main tower section T2-1 in the model test, the finite element solid analysis of the corner part of the main tower was carried out, the results with and without stiffeners at the corners were compared, and the improvement of the mechanical properties of the main tower by setting stiffening plates was analyzed. This will affect the entire structural system of the cable-stayed bridge internal force state, making it necessary to carry out dead load compensation for the main tower. Cable-stayed bridge - Wikipedia Cable-stayed bridges, like the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, require less cable and can be built much faster than . Also search bridges and covered bridges for articles referencing bridges. Chen et al. bridges in Maine. The dead load compensation of the main tower is carried out in two sections as concentrated load that is applied by the lever system. Cable-stayed bridges have become the form of choice over the past several decades for bridges in the medium- to long-span range. The upper segment is compensated by 837.1kg, and the lower segment is compensated by 620kg. See references below for more resources. 1, no. Thank you! In working condition 2, the maximum positive moment of the T2-1 section of pier #4 is loaded. Patrick writes: "Sutter Buttes ten miles distant behind a cable-stay arrangement. But in 1955, engineers built the first modern cable-stayed bridge which is now the bridge of choice for medium-length spans. But the Penobscot Narrows Bridge has its own claim to fame: the only public observatory bridge in the United States and the tallest in the world! No one, with even the smallest part in the Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory project, will ever forget the experience. BUILDING BIG: Bridge Basics - PBS The maximum compressive stress of the corner section is 18.97MPa, and the maximum compressive stress of the 0.6m section is 17.00MPa. 3. In the cases of the main tower section T2-1 without stiffening plates, with stiffening plates, or model tests, the stresses at each measuring point are summarized and compared. The mountains are the remnants of a volcano that has been dormant for over a million years. 74, no. The theoretical calculated stress values of the side tower walls of the side-span and the mid-span sections are 1.20MPa and 1.18MPa, respectively. (2)When the bending corner section lacks a stiffening plate, the axial force of the side tower walls of the middle span and the side span will generate lateral component forces at the bending corner, resulting in out-of-plane bending of the two tower walls. Ship Channel Bridge Sam Houston Tollway (East), Texas, I-93 Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, Massachusetts, I-275 Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Florida, Senator William V. Roth, Jr. Bridge, Delaware, Csar Gaviria Trujillo Viaduct, Colombia, South America. Frances Millau Orthotropic Steel Viaduct, Nominate Someone Extraordinary for a 2024 AISC Award, Simpson Strong-Tie Introduces New AT-3G Hybrid Acrylic Anchoring Adhesive Designed for Faster Curing Times in Extreme Environments, Simpson Strong-Tie Introduces New Fire-Rated, Load-Tested Fire Wall Hangers for Wood-Framed Multifamily Construction, Simpson Strong-Tie Adds Deep Foundation, Earth Retention Rebar Reinforcing Alignment Products with PIERESEARCH Acquisition. It had a main span of 600-ft (183-m) and two symmetrical back spans of 245-ft 3, 2015. G. Y. Huang, Research on Cable-Stayed Bridge without Back Cable, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China, 2006. An integrated monitoring system for carbon fiber composite cable (CFCC) strands recently implemented in the Penobscot Narrows Bridge in Maine is presented. 4, pp. The range of the high stress zone is small. 1932. 432450, 1997. Cable Stayed Bridges - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 20, no. There are so many great bridges in Maine worth exploring. Meridian Cable-stayed Swing Bridge. Designed as an emergency replacement for the Waldo-Hancock Bridge, the new bridge uses an innovative cradle system to carry the stays from the bridge deck through the pylon and back to the bridge deck. J. R. Casas, S. Calatrava, and A. C. Aparicio, The Alamillo cable-stayed bridge: special issues faced in the analysis and construction, Structures&Buildings, vol. PDF Cable- Stayed Bridges - STRUCTURE mag In working condition 3, the maximum positive moment of the T3 section of pier #5 is loaded. | Privacy Policy. All rights reserved. L. H. Han, T. M. Mu, F. C. Wang et al., Design theory of CFST (concrete-filled steel tubular) mixed structures and its applications in bridge engineering, China Civil Engineering Journal, vol.

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